Refreshable Braille cell

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According to some US patent papers that I read can find many ways to refresh the braille cell. Below I put the links to that US patent papers.
 
First link shows the US patent for Refresh-able braille cell display implemented with shape memory alloys. This refreshable braille display uses a single moving part per tactile element. This tactile elements formed from stainless steel tubing are assembled in densely arranged modules. This modules are positioned in a container. Shape memory alloy actuators are positioned in the tactile elements, isolated from any motion or flow in the pressurized medium. In this US patent describe a way to implement a braille cell display and if you want more information about that read the patent.
https://patents.google.com/patent/US5685721
This link shows the US patent for Refresh-able braille cell display that braille cell provided with an actuator compromising a mechanically responding intrinsic conducting polymer. This actuators responds mechanically on the application of an electrical current. The cell includes an intrinsic conducting polymer, the polymer being in contact with ion supplying compound. The polymer and the ion supplying compound may abut against each other in layers and may undergo jointly a shape and/or volume change. If you want to know more information about the braille cell display read the above link.
https://patents.google.com/patent/US576601

In this link shows the US patent for Electroactive polymer actuator braille cell and braille display. The present invention provides a braille cell being of compact design and having low power consumption. The novel braille cell is based on the bending characteristics of electroactive polymers to provide hydraulic actuation of a braille dot. As such, the bending mechanism of the electroactive polymer actuator is transferred to the linear motion of the braille dot. Additionally, to reduce power consumption, a latching and support mechanism is provided. If you want know  more information about this US patent click the above link.
https://patents.google.com/patent/US6881063B2

a method used with stepper motors
https://patents.google.com/patent/US5772440A/en?q=stepper+motor&q=braille&oq=stepper+motor+braille

But those are not the only mechanism to refresh the braille display. I will inform you in next post.

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